Ferrography is a specialized type of oil analysis used to study particle wear on machine components through analysis of contaminants in lubricating oil. It can be used to predict and diagnose errors occurring on machinery. Ferrography is related to tribology, which is the study of friction between interacting surfaces.
What is ferrography used for?
Ferrography is a technique that is used to monitor for wear modes that are undetectable to spectroscopy. It is used to predict and diagnose equipment problems. It is a series of laboratory tests used to determine the condition of used lubricants and equipment components, over a period of time.
What is wear particle concentration?
Wear Particle Concentration (WPC) is the sum of DL+DS divided by sample size (volume). A key aspect of ferrography is that machines wearing abnormally will produce unusually large amounts of wear particles, indicating excessive wear condition by the DR Ferrograph in WPC readings.
What is a wear analysis?
Use-wear analysis is a method in archaeology to identify the functions of artifact tools by closely examining their working surfaces and edges. It is mainly used on stone tools, and is sometimes referred to as “traceological analysis” (from the neologism traceology).
What is direct Ferrography?
Direct Reading Ferrography (DR-Ferr), gives a direct measure of the amount of ferrous wear metals present in a sample of oil. The wear particles are divided into two categories, large particles, denoted DL, and small particles, denoted DS.
What is direct reading Ferrography?
Direct reading (DR) ferrography measures the amount of ferromagnetic wear debris in an oil sample, commonly referred to as the ferrous density reading. The results of DR ferrography are generally given in terms of DL for particles greater than five microns in size and DS for particles less than five microns.
What is DL and DS in Ferrography?
Accordingly, the Direct Reader Ferrograph was designed to quantify particles into these two size ranges. This is where the Density Large (DL) and Density Small (DS) numbers come from. These densities are found by shining a monochromatic light through the bottom of the glass part of the precipitator tube.
What is wear debris analysis?
Wear debris analysis is one of the key techniques to evaluate wear particle counts and measure their sizes for the tested fuels. This study was conducted using the wear debris analysis by SEM/EDX on the filtered metal debris samples. The samples were collected by filtering the oil from the four-ball tribotester.
What is a Microwear study?
Microwear analysis is a systematic process of recording wear traces such as edge flaking, the surface characteristics of polish, and the orientation of striations on a stone tool in order to determine how that tool was used.
What is the study of oil called?
Oil analysis (OA) is the laboratory analysis of a lubricant’s properties, suspended contaminants, and wear debris. The study of wear in machinery is called tribology. Tribologists often perform or interpret oil analysis data.
What is particle quantifier index?
This test gives us a very accurate concentration measurement, in ppm (parts per million), of iron particles that may be contributing to wear or the product of wear. The PQ Index gives a measurement of the total relative concentration of ferrous. material.
What is ppm oil analysis?
Phosphorus. Anti-wear element. *Elements found in oil are measured in parts per million (ppm) — which is a very small amount. It would take 10,000 ppm to make up 1 percent of the oil.
What is ferrography and why is it important?
Ferrography is the study of ferrous metal wear, and comes from the Latin word “ferrum,” which translates to “iron.” Ferrography is a technique for analyzing the particles present in fluids that indicate mechanical wear. It has been in use since 1970, and provides microscopic examination and analysis of debris (particles) found in lubricating oils.
What is analyanalytical ferrography?
Analytical ferrography is the most powerful oil analysis diagnostic tool in tribology. When implemented correctly it provides tremendous information on machines in operation. However, it is frequently excluded from oil analysis programs because of its comparatively high price and a general misunderstanding of its value.
What is ferrography and how is it related to tribology?
Ferrography is related to tribology, which is the study of friction between interacting surfaces. Since the advent of ferrography in the 1970s it has been used in many industrial settings as a form of preventative maintenance.
What is direct-reading ferrography?
Direct-reading ferrography is a more mathematical approach to ferrography. Essentially, the buildup on the glass slide is measured by shining a light across the slide. The blockage of the light by the buildup of particles is then used, over time, to calculate an average. An increase in blockage indicates higher amounts of machine wear.
